Participating models

The following is a current list of models participating in SOFIA at different stages. The Tier 1 antwater experiment has to be completed as a benchmark test for model uncertainty. For Tier 2 and 3 individual experiments conducted are specifically named. Experiments marked ✅ are completed, 🏃 indicates ongoing simulations. Additional information on ensemble size, availability of biogeochemical variables or passive freshwater (hosing) tracers is provided as available.

Type	Model	Contact	Model paper	Tier 1	Tier 2	Tier 3
Coupled	ACCESS‑CM2	Wilma Huneke	Huneke et al. 2025	✅ 3 member ensemble		🏃 antwater-60S, antwater-lh (3 member ensembles each)
	ACCESS‑ESM12‑5	Ariaan Purich	Ziehn et al. 2020	✅	🏃	🏃 antwater-60S
	AWI‑ESM‑1‑REcoM	Christopher Danek	Semmler et al. (2020)	✅ incl. BGC	✅ incl. BGC
	CanESM5	Neil Swart	Swart et al. 2019	✅
	CESM2	Andrew Pauling	Danabasoglu et al. (2020)	✅	✅
	EC‑Earth3	Eveline van der Linden, Irene Trombini	Döscher et al. 2022	✅ 4 member ensemble	🏃	🏃 antwater-depth, antwater-depth-lh (3 member ensembles each)
	FOCI	Torge Martin	Matthes et al. 2020	✅ 8 member ensemble, hosing tracer		✅ antwater-60S (8 member ensemble, hosing tracer)
	GFDL‑CM4	Stephen Griffies, Rebecca Beadling	Held et al. 2019	✅
	GFDL‑ESM4	Stephen Griffies, Rebecca Beadling	Dunne et al. 2020	✅
	GISS‑E2‑1‑G	Qian Li	Kelley et al. 2020	✅	✅
	HadGEM3‑GC3.1‑LL	Max Thomas	Kuhlbrodt et al. 2018	✅
	NorESM2‑MM	Tore Hattermann	Seland et al. 2020	✅
	NorESM2‑MM‑GrIS	Dave Chandler	Goelzer et al. 2025	✅
Ocean	MOM5	Riccardo Farneti	Griffies 2012	✅		✅ antwater-60S
	NEMO4.2	Birte Gülk	de Lavergne et al., subm., Gülk et al., subm.	✅